Bitter

Bitters are concentrated tinctures of herbs, barks, roots, spices, and botanicals infused into a high-proof alcohol base. They have an intensely bitter, aromatic flavor profile.

Some notable categories of bitters include:

• Aromatic bitters - Spice-flavored bitters like Angostura used in cocktails. Provide seasoning.
• Orange bitters - Contain citrus peels, chamomile, cardamom. Add brightness.
• Coffee bitters - Include cacao, coffee, and cardamom. Lend mocha notes.
• Fruit bitters - Use cherry, rhubarb, grapefruit. Provide tartness.
• Alpine bitters - Flavored with Alpine herbs and barks. Impart herbaceousness.

Bitters originated as patent medicines and tonics in the Middle Ages, promising to cure all manner of ailments. They evolved into bartending ingredients by the 1800s. Just a few dashes add complexity.

Traditionally, bitters were very bitter. Contemporary versions balance bitter with citrus, vanilla, smoke, fruit, and more for a nuanced profile. When used creatively, bitters can enhance, unite, and energize cocktails.